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Chickamauga 



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Chattanooga 


National 


riilitary 


Park. 


A HISTORIC MONOGRAPH. 

(ILLUSTRATED.) 


PRICE ;2o CENTS. 


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COPYRIGHTED BY 


W. E. BIRCHMORE, 
Chattanooga, Tenn. 

1895. 




THE CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA 
NATIONAL MILITARY PARK 


Comprises the tract of laud (some 6,000 acres in extent,) in Georgia, 
over which was fought the battle of Chickamauga; several smaller 
areas along the line of Confederate fortifications on Missionary Ridge; 
and the crest of Orchard Knob (Grant’s Headquarters). These various 
areas with their connecting boulevards form an extensive park system 
preserving within its limits much of the ground covered by the battles 
of September aud November, 1863. In improving and beautifying 
the grounds the Park Commission has made the most.of its opportu¬ 
nities and resources. Much of the money appropriated by Congress 
has been spent in road-making; and the result is a fine system of 
boulevards many miles in extent, and of great excellence. Aside 
from the erection of monuments and the locating of the troops on 
both sides, the efforts of the Commission have been directed toward 
restoration rather than innovation; and the visitor to the battle-fields 
will find the scene as nearly like that of thirty-two years ago as a 
careful study of the subject and an artistic treatment of the same may 
accomplish. 

Congress has made generous appropriations for the dedication 

ceremonies; and it is fair to assume that the military and civic pageant 

will be unique and unequalled in the history of the nation. The 

President and his Cabinet, a delegation from each of the houses of 

Congress, the Governors of many States, and many prominent officials 

of the National and State governments will be present. The order of 

exercises will include a reunion of the Armv of the Cumberland 

•> 

September 18th; dedication ceremonies on the Chickamauga battle¬ 
field on September 19th, and on Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, 
Orchard Knob, and in Chattanooga, September 20th. 


The principal object of this historic monograph, as stated in the 
narrative, is to present in a concise and condensed form such a story 
of the great battles as shall bring flie visitor into closer and more 
sympathetic touch with the event's to be commemorated. In addition 
to this, two carefully-compiled maps are included ; a brief but com¬ 
prehensive list of the points of interest; a description of the various 
transportation lines and carriage roads; and an accurate roster of the 
troops engaged. 






















































































































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O hattanooga 

National 

IV1 i 1 i t c i iry 

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WITH 


NARRATIVES OF THE BATTLES OF 
CHICKAMAUGA, LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN 
AND MISSIONARY RIDGE, 



FRANCIS LYNDE. 


{ILL LIST RAT ED.) 
Copyright 1895. 


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PUBLISHED BY 

W. K. BIRCII MORE, 

C11 ATTANOOGA, TKNN, 






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PK1C8S OK W. I. CRANDALL A CO., 
CHATTANOOGA, TENN, 


1 







S' 

GENERAL INFORMATION. 


All street-car lines converge on Market Street, and cars may he 
taken between 6th and 9th Streets. The system is electric, and the 
routes are as follows: 

Oak Street and Highland Park. —South on Market to 9th, thence 
by 9th and Georgia Avenue to Oak, and from city limits on Oak east 
through Highland Park to Missionary Ridge. Branch from Ridge 
Junction to crest of Missionary Ridge. 

Ridgedale and, East Lake. —South on Market to Montgomery Ave¬ 
nue, thence east to National Cemetery, Ridgedale and East Lake. 

Lookout Mountain and St. Elmo. —South on Market to 9th, thence 
west to Chestnut and south through Chestnut, Boyce, and Whiteside 
to St. Elmo, The Incline, and Mountain Junction. (Connects at 
Incline with cable-line, and at Mountain Junction with broad gauge 
railway to top of mountain.) 

Alton Park. —South through Market, Cowart, and Whiteside to 
St. Elmo, The Incline, and Alton Park. 

Harrison Avenue.— South on Market to 9th, thence through 9th 
and East End Avenue to Harrison Avenue and Orchard Knob. 

Vallombrosa and Riverview. —Points north of the river. Cars on 
these lines cross Market on 8th. 

Lookoid Mountain , three miles south-west of the city, is reached by 
electric cars connecting with the cable incline and the broad gauge 
railway as above, and by a carriage road south through Market, Mont¬ 
gomery Avenue, Whiteside, and the St. Elmo turnpike: also by broad 
gauge railway direct from the city. The cable incline connects at the 
Point Hotel with a narrow gauge railway to top of mountain. 

The National Cemetery is reached by Oak Street and Highland 
Park, and Ridgedale and East Lake electric lines: also by dummy 
railway, from Nuby Street Station, one square east of Post-Office. 

Orchard Knob (Grant’s .Headquarters,) is reached by Oak Street 
and Highland Park electric line to Locust Street, Harrison Avenue 
electric line to Locust Street, the dummy railway to Locust Street 
Station, and by carriage road east on McCallie Avenue. 

Sherman Heights is four miles north-east of the city. It is reached 
by dummy railway and by carriage road: also by trains of Southern 
Railway from Central Depot. 

Missionary Ridge is reached by electric lines as above: also by 
carriage roads through Sherman Heights, out McCallie Avenue, out 
Montgomery Avenue, or through Rossville. The Government boule¬ 
vard connects with the Chickamauga Park system of carriage roads at 
Rossville Gap, and runs north on the crest of the Ridge to Bragg’s 
Headquarters, De Long’s Point, and Sherman Heights. 

Chickamauga Battle-field is reached by trains on the Chattanooga, 
Rome& Columbus Railway to Battle-field Station and Crawfish Springs: 
also by carriage road to Rossville, thence through Rossville Gap. 
Battle-field Station is one half mile from Snodgrass Hill; Crawfish 
Springs is two miles south of southern boundary National Park. 

r A<e\ 



CHICKAMAUGA. 


T O one whose knowledge of the Civil War is only that of a 
thrice-told tale, a present-day visit to the battle-field of Chicka- 
mauga is almost disconcerting. By all the canons of fitness, a 
battle-field should have something to say for itself in speech not 
to be misunderstood by whatever remote degree of posterity. It 
should be consecrated ground, holding itself aloof from its surround¬ 
ings; it should be overshadowed by the spirit of heroism and hallowed 
by the blood of the slain. There should be that in the very atmos¬ 
phere of the place which should inspire the dullest imagination, filling 
it with visions unspeakable. 

It is no figure of speech to say that the field of Chickamauga, 
viewed under the conditions of latter-day sight-seeing, does none of 
these things. There is nothing in all the peaceful country-side to 
suggest thoughts of battle and murder and sudden death. Riding 
toward the field along the smooth boulevard which, thirty-odd years 
ago, was a country road ankle-deep in dust, I questioned a farmer 
jogging homeward from a cross-roads store. 

“ Do you know the country hereabouts? ” 

“ Ya-as, I reckon so ; I live yere.” 

“ Can you tell me where the battlefield begins?” 

He scratched his head meditatively with one finger. “I ’low I 
cayn’t—not positively. I reckon it might be a mile, mile an’ a hayf, 
’r two mile, maybe, to whar they fit. Ef ye can read, the Government 
guide-pos’ses ’ll p’int ye straight.” 

I remounted my wheel and rode on, reflecting upon this fresh 
instance of the contempt-breeding effect of familiarity; and before 
the day was ended I was thankful for the help of the guide-boards. 
Without them, one might seek in vain for information of the locative 
variety; and in spite of them one fights vaguely with an importunate 
sense of unreality. 

The fields of rustling corn whisper of the plowshare, and of peace 
and plenty; their speech is not of war, or famine, or the sword. The 
forests bear few scars of the lead- and iron-laden hurricane that once 



4 


raged up and down the valley 
to its own accompaniment ot 
nitrous lightning and dissonant 
thunder. The waters of the 
rivulets, trickling through the 
swales toward the Chickamauga, 
are as clear as though they had 
never been fouled by the tread 
of marching squadrons, or red¬ 
dened by the blood of a nation’s 
best and bravest. On yonder 
hillside, bright in the golden 
livery of a ripening crop, there is no reminder of the day when grim 
War was the reaper and his harvest was heaped in windrows of dead 
and dying men. 

Even the very sky, strained like a curtain of blue gauze above the 
scene on this matchless summer day, makes the reality more elusive. 
Was there ever a day when the sun was blotted out by the smoky 
clouds of war’s making? when the sweet perfume of these woods and 
fields was lost in the reek of gunpowder? when the peaceful stillness 
of this quiet country-side was rent and torn by the roar of cannon, 
the rattle of musketry, the cheers of charging legions, and the groans 
of the dying ? 

Doubtless. Nature denies it, but history affirms it; and there are 
yet living those who saw and heard and suffered. Moreover, the Park 
Commission has surveyed and measured, and graded and paved, and 
punctuated with guide-boards and paragraphed with monuments, until 
the battle-field is a history in itself, fair-writ, and to be read of all 
men. And yet all these do but help to push the battle further into 
the past, adding the peace of a cemetery to that of nature’s making. 

The pointing of it all is to this: the pilgrim to Chickamauga 
should carry his atmosphere with him. There are two ways in which 
this may be done. The first is by a process of saturation made good 
by an exhaustive course of reading: the other is to take to the field a 
succinct narrative of the conflict which shall add somewhat to the 
terse quotations of the guide-boards and tablets, and bridge, story- 
wise, the gaps between them. 

To provide some such narrative as will thus serve to connect the 
past with the present is the object of this sketch. It makes no claim 
to originality or to completeness of detail; and in a field where so 
many full-grown volumes have preceded it, it can hope to do little 
more than summarize. If it may serve, even imperfectly, to awaken a 









5 


deeper interest in the great struggle in the minds of those who, like 
the writer, are neither students to delve nor veterans to remember, its 
mission will be fulfilled. 

To make the story of Chickamauga intelligible to the general 
reader, it is needful to preface it with a sketch of the events immedi¬ 
ately preceding the battle. The Chattanooga campaign belongs to the 
middle period of the war. For more than two years the struggle in 
the West had surged back and forth across Tennessee and Kentucky. 
From the Ohio River to the northern boundaries of Mississippi and Ala¬ 
bama, the Confederate line retreated, advanced, and retreated again 
until, at the close of the year 1862, it confronted Rosecrans in Middle 
Tennessee. Here, after the battle of Murfreesboro, (Stoue’s River,) 
the Confederate general, Bragg, began a slow retrograde movement 
which finally brought him to Chattanooga. 

In June, 1863, General Rosecrans, commanding the Federal Army 
of the Cumberland, began the march from Middle Tennessee to the 
south-eastward. This advance, covering a period of sixteen days and 
known in history as the Tullahoma Campaign, was a series of strategic 
movements on the part of both armies. At its close the Confederate 
Army of Tennessee occupied Chattanooga. 

The Confederate commander has been sharply criticized for 
abandoning the strong position west of the Cumberland Mountains; 
and his adversary has been censured with equal energy for allowing 
something over a month to elapse before he again made a forward 
movement. The reasons for both the retreat and the delay would 
seem to be identical. To the Army of Tennessee, defeat on the 
western slope of the Cumberlands, with forty miles of rough moun¬ 
tainous country in its rear over which its line of communication must 
be protected, and through which it must retreat, meant nothing less 
than destruction. On the other hand, by falling back to Chattanooga, 
Bragg transferred these disadvantages to his opponent, and Rosecrans 
took time to make careful preparations before putting the difficult and 
dangerous region behind him on the further advance into the enemy’s 
country. 

On August 14th the forward movement of the Federal army began. 
From Bridgeport, Wilder and Wagner were sent up the river to make 
a demonstration opposite Chattanooga, and the ruse was so successful 
as to lead Bragg to believe that the entire Federal army sought a 
crossing at some point higher up the river. As a result of this feint, 
Rosecrans was enabled to make the crossing at Bridgeport, Caperton’s 
Ferry, Battle Creek, and Shellmouud without opposition by Sep¬ 
tember 4th ; and two days later the entire Army of the Cumberland, 





VIEW IN THE PARK. 

with the exception of Wilder’s and Wagner’s commands, poured over 
the mountain into Wills’s Valley. The left, under Crittenden, rested 
at Wauhatchie; and the right, under McCook, was at Valley Head, 
forty miles to the south-west. 

At this point in the advance, Bragg, fearing for his line of com¬ 
munication, moved out of Chattanooga and took position at Lafayette, 
Georgia, nearly opposite the center of the extended Federal line. On 
the 7th, Thomas, at a point twenty-six miles from Chattanooga, and 
McCook, at Valley Head, began the ascent of Lookout Mountain. 
Neither met with any opposition; and on the 8th Thomas came down 
into the valley which lies between the mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, while McCook reached the village of Alpine, some distance 
south-west of Bragg’s position at Lafayette. In the meantime 
Crittenden crossed the northern end of Lookout Mountain and took 
possession of Chattanooga, sending Palmer and Van Cleve forward to 
seize Rossville Gap. 

From this time—the night of the 9th—to the 13th, the Army of 
the Cumberland was in a most hazardous position. The right wing, 
center, and left wing were not in communication; and Bragg, from 
his position at Lafayette, might easily have crushed them in detail. 
It is doubtful if the Confederate commander knew his advantage, but 
it is certain that he made but a single attempt to profit by it. On the 
9th, when Negley, of Thomas’s column, made a reconnaissance in 
force toward Bragg’s lines, Cheatham was sent against him, and a 
detachment of D. H. Hill’s command advanced to Catlett’s Gap. At 
















7 


the same time, Hindman was ordered to attack in conjunction with 
Hill. 

Negley was thus placed at the converging point of three Con¬ 
federate columns, but by skilful manoeuvring, and with the help of 
Baird’s division sent to support him, he extricated himself and fell 
back upon the main body of the column at the base of Lookout. 
Here the situation was desperate; Thomas was outnumbered, and was 
shut in by hills and the mountain in a pocket-like valley, but a 
disagreement between Hindman and Hill saved him, and the Con¬ 
federate forces were withdrawn. 

While Negley and Baird were trying to develop the Confederate 
position opposite Lafayette, McCook sent a force of cavalry northward 
from Alpine to locate Bragg’s left. By this reconnaissance McCook 
learned that he was far to the southward of the main body of Bragg’s 
army, and that the heights of Pigeon Mountain intervened between 
his own column and that of General Thomas. Thereupon he retraced 
his steps across Lookout, marched down Wills’s Valley to a point 
opposite Thomas’s position, and crossing the mountain for the third 
time, reached Thomas on the 16th. 

In the meantime, General Rosecrans was making every effort to 
concentrate his scattered forces; and up to Sunday, the 13th, it does 
not appear that Bragg did anything to obstruct the movements of the 
Federal troops. On that day, however, finding that Crittenden was 
advancing along the road from Rossville to form a junction with 
Thomas, Bragg sent Polk to intercept the closing Federal column. 
Under this order the first blow was struck on the field of Chicka- 
manga. Van Cleve, of Crittenden’s corps, encountered Polk on the 
Lafayette road; there was a sharp fight; the intercepting force was 
driven back; and thereafter the Federal concentration went on with¬ 
out further hindrance. 

On Tuesday, the 15th, Bragg held a council of war in which it 
was determined to move toward Chattanooga, and to “attack the 
enemy wherever he could be found.” Here one stops to wonder how 
the Confederate general could fail to be informed of the precise 
movements of his adversary. Making all due allowance for cavalry 
patrols, the secrecy of orders, and all the arts of concealment known 
to military prudence, it seems incredible that, in an inhabited country¬ 
side, hostile to the Federal cause and friendly to the Confederate, 
Bragg could have been in ignorance of the exact dispositions of his 
antagonist. And yet such was undeniably the case, not only on the 
day of the council of war, but during the entire week of concentration. 

Following the general order of the 15th, the Confederate army 


8 

began moving by divisions to the northward and across the Chicka- 
mauga. Bragg’s orders contemplated an attack on the h ederal left 
wing on the morning of the 18th, but this plan could not be carried 
out. The bridges across the stream were infrequent, and small; the 
fords were difficult; and the forests of the creek bottom were in many 
places impassable thickets choked with underbrush. Owing to these 
hindrances the Confederate forces were not in position until nightfall 
of Friday, the 18th. It was a day lost, and lost days are often lost 
battles. 

Rosecrans was in sore need of the twenty-four-hours’ respite and 
he made good use of it. On Saturday morning Bragg’s right wing, 
instead of overlapping the Federal left—as was intended, and as it 
really did on the evening before—was itself overlapped by a strong 
force which, in less than fifteen hours, had been moved up from the 
right of Rosecrans’s army. It is needful to go back a day to see how 
this inversion of line was brought about. 

From the 13th to the 18th, Rosecrans pushed the work of concen¬ 
tration strenuously. Thomas’s left was extended toward Crawfish 
Springs, and Crittenden was hurried forward along the Lafayette 
road toward Lee and Gordon’s Mill in the belief that the battle would 
be joined by Bragg at or near that point. When McCook came up 
with the head of his column on the 16th, the closing of the line went 
forward rapidly; and by noon of the 18th, Crittenden’s corps occupied 
the Lafayette road and the low bluff commanding it at Lee and 
Gordon’s Mill. It was at this time that Bragg’s plan of attack 
developed, and it became necessary to extend the Federal left quickly 
and at all hazards. 

This was done by moving Negley’s division up to Crittenden’s 
right, while Thomas, with three divisions under Bran nan, Baird, and 
Reynolds, moved rapidly northward along the old Crawfish Springs 
road. The movement began on the afternoon of the 18th and con¬ 
tinued throughout the night. The weather was clear, cool and dry, 
but the hurried night march was full of discomfort even for veteran 
soldiers. When the frost began to gather, the moving columns fired 
the fences along the road; and at these camp-fires—the last that 
many a veteran in the marching divisions ever saw—the weary 
soldiers warmed their stiffened fingers while halting to await the slow 
upcoming of the wagon-trains in the road. 

The extension of the Federal left was completed a little before 
dawn of Saturday, the 19th. At that hour the opposing armies 
confronted each other in the following order. Beginning at the 
right of the Federal line, McCook held Crawfish Springs and the 


9 


toad leading up thereto from 
the south. Between McCook 
and the Chickamauga, was Neg. 
ley’s division. Next came Crit¬ 
tenden at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. 

Reynolds was still farther north; 
his division was drawn up on 
the west side of the old Crawfish 
Springs road with its left near 
the Glenn house. Baird was a 
mile nor ch of Reynolds; and his 
division with Brannan’s made an 
unbroken line reaching from the 
Poe house on Baird’s right to the 
McDonald house on Brannan’s 
left. This line was a short dis¬ 
tance west of the Lafayette road, 
and the Kelly house was nearly 
opposite its center. Four miles 
north-east of Bran nan, where 
the road from Rossville to Ring- 
gold crosses the Chickamauga, 
were the reserves under General Gordon Granger. 

Tiie Confederate dispositions were less carefully made for the 
reason that night had overtaken the different divisions while they were 
still in motion. On the left, Breckinridge was opposed to Negley; 
and Hindman, commanding Longstreet's advance, confronted Critten¬ 
den at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. Cleburne was between Hindman and 
Breckinridge and slightly in the rear. Cheatham’s line began at 
Hindman’s right, covering the road from Lee and Gordon’s Mill to 
Dalton Ford ; and Preston’s men were on the west bank of the stream 
directly opposite Cheatham’s right. At Tedford Ford, Stewart’s 
command held the right bank of the Chickamauga, and Buckner’s the 
left. Three-quarters of a mile north of Buckner, at Alexander’s 
Bridge, Walker’s command and Forrest’s cavalry were aligned upon a 
road paralleling the left bank of the stream ; and Hood, with a strong 
force, was lying in the woods a short distance east of the Viuiard 
house. 

Saturday, the 19th, dawned bright and clear. At daybreak 
Bragg’s army was in motion, following out the plan of the previous 
day, which was based upon the supposition that the Federal left was 
still at Lee and Gordon’s Mill. A few minutes before seven o’clock 










10 


the sound of heavy firing came from the direction of Reed’s Bridge. 
It flagged, was renewed, and presently became continuous. Bragg 
knew then that the battle had been forced upon his right, but the 
order of the day was still allowed to stand. 

In spite of the Confederate commander’s determination to take 
the offensive, it was Thomas who had begun the battle. Soon after 
six o’clock, and before many of the men had had time to snatch a 
hasty breakfast, the two divisions under Brannan and Baird were 
ordered forward. In the Kelly fields, and to the right and left of the 
road leading toward the Chickamauga, the commands were deployed, 
skirmishers were thrown out, and the line pushed forward into the 
woods. In a few minutes the Confederate right wing under Forrest 
was uncovered and the fighting began. 

Croxton’s brigade, which was working its way through the woods 
on Bran nan’s right, was the first to come upon Forrest’s men. There 
was a volley, a fierce attack, and the cavalry fell back before, the 
advancing line of infantry. Near Jay’s Mill, Forrest dismounted one 
division, fighting it as infantry while he sent for reinforcements. 
These were quickly sent in by Walker, and in a few minutes the 
battle was raging hotly all along the front of Brannan’s and Baird’s 
lines. 

With the coming of. the reinforcements from Walker, Forrest 
dismounted his entire command and charged the Federal left. Crox¬ 
ton’s men stood their ground until their ammunition gave out, falling 
back slowly when the struggle became a hand-to-hand combat among 
the trees. “ Durn ’em; they-all jest would n’t run,” said an old 
Confederate veteran, describing to me this first charge in the two-day 
battle. And before the backward movement became a retreat, King’s 
regulars, sent in by Baird, came to the rescue and the lost ground 
was regained. 

The sending of King to Croxton left Van Derveer and Connell 
unsupported; and, turned back from the strengthened Federal left, 
Forrest’s and Walker’s men flung themselves upon the center and 
right of Baird’s line. Then began a series of fierce charges and 
countercharges back and forth through the woods. No accurate 
alignment could be maintained, and the men on both sides fought 
from bush to bush and tree to tree, clinging doggedly to every yard 
gained, and giving ground only when swept away by the irresistible 
momentum of a charge. They were veteran troops in the Chicka¬ 
mauga forests that day, and the file-closers on either side had little 
to do. 

Forrest and his first reinforcement had been fighting desperately 


f 


11 

for four hours before Bragg came tardily to the conclusion that his 
plan of turning the Federal left could not be carried out. Then he 
ordered Walker forward with his entire command, and sent for 
Cheatham to bring up the five brigades forming the reserve on the 
left. Soon after, Stewart was ordered to the right from Tedford’s 
Ford; and at one o’clock, Cleburne was withdrawn from the left and 
his command set in motion toward Jay’s Mill. 

In the meantime, Brannan and Baird were fighting hard to hold 
their ground against increasing numbers. When Walker’s reserves 
began to arrive, a brigade was sent in against Scribner, of Baird’s 
division, in an oblique movement that forced the Federal line out of 
position; and at the same moment a charge on the flank of King’s 
regulars drove the latter in confusion across Van Derveer’s line. In 
this charge, led by Walthall, Guenther’s battery was captured and 
Baird’s lines were badly shattered. 

On Brannan’s front the situation was scarcely less critical. Crox- 
ton, with fresh supplies of ammunition, was facing overwhelming 
numbers; and Connell’s brigade, forming Brannan’s center, was 
holding its position in the face of a fire that was often delivered at 
short pistol-range. The breaking of Baird’s line exposed Van Derveer 
to a succession of flank attacks, and only the most stubborn fighting 
saved the position while Baird was re-forming his lines under fire. 

At this juncture, when victory for the Confederate right wing 
was only a question of minutes, the Federal reinforcements began to 
arrive. First came Johnson, of McCook’s corps, hurried forward 
from Crawfish Springs. Thomas sent him in on Baird’s right, where, 
after a sharp struggle, the broken line was re-formed and the Confed¬ 
erate advance checked. A little later, Palmer, detached by Critten¬ 
den and sent to the left from Lee and Gordon’s Mill, came on the 
field and took position with Johnson. 

With these reinforcements, General Rosecrans, who personally 
directed the movement of the Federal left wing at this time, ordered 
three brigades, those of Hazen, Cruft, and Grose to form in echelon 
for a forward movement. The column was met by Cheatham and 
stubbornly resisted, but a simultaneous advance all along the Federal 
left carried both armies well into the depths of the forest again, and 
the battle raged with undiminished fury on the ground fought over in 
the early morning. 

It was in this advance that Guenther’s battery was recaptured. 
The Ninth Ohio, coming into action from the rear, was led by its 
commander, Colonel Kammerling. The colonel saw the captured 
battery on a slight elevation to his right. Halting his regiment, he 


12 



VIEW IN THE PARK. 

changed front and charged lip the hill at the double-quick. The 
assault was so sudden and unexpected that the gunners were driven 
hack before they could reload for a second round ; and five minutes 
later the battery had again changed sides and the Ninth was in line 
with Van Derveer, reaching the front in time to strengthen the left 
at a most critical juncture. 

Finding it impossible to drive Brannan out of position by a front 
attack, Forrest had extended his line until it overlapped the Federal 
left. From this position he charged in front and on the Hank at the 
same moment. The forest at this point had been thinned out and 
cleared of underbrush, and the flanking column was in plain view 
from the Federal lines. It swept steadily forward under a galling 
fire, and one who watched its advance says that the entire battle 
records no more heroic spectacle than that of the closely-massed 
column, four lines deep, breasting the storm of bullets, the men 
bending to the blast and firing rapidly as they came. Within two 
hundred feet of Van Derveer’s line they halted and poured in a 
withering fire which was replied to with equal spirit. Just at the 
moment when it seemed impossible to hold the double assault in check, 
a battery reported, wheeled into position, and opened on the flanking 
column with canister. For a few minutes the rattle of musketry was 
drowned in the hoarser roar of the cannon ; and when the battery 
ceased firing the place of the brave Hanking column was taken by 
heaps of dead and dying men. 

After the failure of this attack, the heavy fighting drifted toward 


















13 


the Federal center, becoming hottest in front of Johnson and Palm* r. 
Thereupon Rosecrans shortened his line, sending Brannan to support 
Johnson, and Baird to cover the approaches to the Lafayette road. 
This manoeuvre left Johnson on the extreme left of the Federal line, 
opposed to Forrest’s dismounted cavalrymen and Cheatham’s infantry. 

Here the Confederate commanders saw a chance to thrust their 
forces between Rosecrans’s army and the roads to Chattanooga; and 
the most strenuous effort of the day was made to turn Johnson’s flank 
or to dislodge him by direct attack. Brigade after brigade was hurled 
against the Federal left with an impetuous ardor that stopped little 
short of hand-to-hand combat. For a time the conflict surged back 
and forth over the ground of the morning’s battle; but as the tide of 
assault and countercharge ebbed and flowed, the field once more 
shifted to a line much nearer the Lafayette road. 

When the onslaught had once more expended its force on the 
Federal left, it began again with renewed vigor at a point near 
the center. Palmer’s right suffered most severely, and Reynolds 
was ordered to take a position between Palmer and the Lafayette 
road. He did so, and two of his brigades, Willich’s and Edward 
King’s, went into action on that part of the line lying upon the road 
between the Viniard house and Jay’s Mill. 

By this time Bragg had his army well in motion toward his right, 
and as his reserves came on the field they were met by fresh troops 
from Rosecrans’s right. Van Cleve, with two brigades, came up from 
Crittenden ; and a little later, Davis, of McCook’s corps, arrived from 
Crawfish Springs and went into the fight near Viniard’s. By the 
middle of the afternoon all the troops at Lee and Gordon’s Mill, 
excepting a single brigade of Sheridan’s division under General Lytle, 
had been moved to the left. 

The severest fighting of the afternoon fell upon the Federal center 
near the Viniard house. Reynolds’s line was more than once broken 
and restored under fire, and it was beginning to give ground when 
Davis came up. The Confederate assaulting columns at this point 
were made up of Stewart’s, Bushrod Johnson’s, and Preston’s men, 
from Buckner’s corps; and Longstreet’s advance, commanded by 
Hindman. The different commands rivalled each other in the bril¬ 
liancy and dash for which the Southern soldier was justly famous; 
and the stubborn courage of Rosecrans’s veterans was never more 
severely tried than during that autumn afternoon at the Viniard house. 

Davis’s command became involved before it could get into position ; 
Wood came to the rescue, and Van Cleve, trying to follow, collided 
with Stewart who was on his way to reinforce Cheatham. At this 


14 


crisis, the Federal center was saved by the opportune arrival of 
Hieridan, and Wilder’s cavalry, though these reinforcements only 
served to check the backward movement which had already begun. 

Determined to hold the Lafayette road at any cost, Thomas 
I A >it Brannan from the left to support Reynolds, and at the same 
tin X Begley came up from Crawfish Springs. For an hour or more 
the tie raged around the Viniard house, neither side gaining any 
perma nent advantage, and both armies displaying the courage which 
had distinguished them on many a hard-fought field. At five o’clock 
the fighting at Viniard’s began to slacken, but the closing act of the 
bloody drama of that September Saturday was yet to come. 

It will be remembered that early in the day General Bragg had 
ordered Cleburne to move his force to the right in pursuance of the 
original plan of turning the Federal left. Twilight was gathering 
when Cleburne—“the Stonewall Jackson of the West”—witli a division 
of Hill’s corps moved to the front over the hotly-disputed ground of 
the morning. Deploying his division in the rear of the Kelly farm, 
the lines were formed and a charge made upon the position held by 
Baird and Johnson. In the dusk of the evening the Confederate 
force swept up to the very breastworks ; there was a sharp conflict in 
which the men aimed at the flashes of the guns on either side; and 
the din of battle was presently swelled by the thunder of the field guns 
as Cleburne’s batteries came into position. 

The charge was a brilliant one, but the darkness soon put an end 
to the fighting, here and elsewhere, and the two armies bivouacked on 
their lines of battle to await the dawn of the second day of carnage. 
Bivouacked, says history, but the word is too great. It conveys some 
hint of comfort, and comfort there was none. Neither army was 
allowed to make camp-fires, and the weary soldiers, to whom coffee 
was meat, drink and clothing, went thirsty and slept as they might 
on a field thickly covered with dead and wounded. 

For the commanders on both sides there was little sleep. General 
Bragg summoned his officers and gave the orders for the following 
day. The Confederate forces were to be fought as two wings, com¬ 
manded by the two senior Lieut.-Generals, Polk and Longstreet. The 
latter reached Bragg’s headquarters at midnight, arriving from Ring- 
gold with the main body of his command, moving, after a short rest, 
into position on the Confederate left. To General Polk was assigned 
the command of the right wing, and his orders Avere to begin the 
battle at day-break, the attack to be taken up from right to left as 
rapidly as possible. Longstreet was to wait until the attack reached 
his wing in regular progression, after which the assault was to be 


15 


4 



pushed with vigor along 
the entire line. 

In the meantime, the 
Federal commanders were 
not idle. Rosecrans had 
contracted and strength¬ 
ened his line, and relays 
of men worked all night 
building breastworks of 
logs and preparing for what 
every man felt would be 
the decisive struggle of the 
campaign. The alignment 
for the second day’s battle 
was on slightly different 
ground from that of Satur¬ 
day. With the Kelly house 
as a center, the Federal 
left was disposed in a semi¬ 
circle occupied by Baird— 
whc )se left rested upon the 
Lafayette road half a mile 
from McDonald’s — John¬ 
son, Palmer, and Reynolds. 

At Reynolds’s right, the 
line crossed the Lafayette road, continuing with Brannan—whose 
division reached nearly to the old Crawfish Springs road—Negley, 
Wood, Davis, and Sheridan, in the order named; the last four com¬ 
mands being drawn up parallel with the Crawfish Springs road and a 
short distance east of it. 

In this alignment, Wood’s right and Davis’s left joined at the Glenn 
house; while the latter division was directly opposite and west of the 
Vini? vd house. West of the Glenn house and in the rear of Davis and 
Wood, Wilder was stationed ; and still farther to the rear, covering the 
junction of Wood’s left and Negley’s right, was Van Cleve’s command. 

The Confederate line was slightly longer, paralleling Rosecrans’s 
position from Breckinridge—whose right overlapped Baird’s left at 
McDonald’s—through Walker, Cleburne, Stewart, Bushrod Johnson, 
Hindman, and Preston. Cheatham was held in reserve in Cleburne’s 
rear, lying in the woods about half way between the Lafayette road 
and the Chickamauga; and Law and Kershaw were in the rear of 
Bushrod Johnson. 















16 


Sunday morning dawned clear and cool, llie ground was covered 
with a white frost, and a light mist hung in the forests of the Chicka- 
mauga bottom. There had been no rain for some time, and the air 
was charged with that peculiar quality of resonance which is most 
noticeable at the close of a dry season. General Bragg was astir 
early, listening impatiently for the sounds of the opening battle to 
come from Polk’s wing. Dawn slipped into morning and the morning 
into forenoon, and still the guns were silent along the lines of the 
two armies. 

At length Bragg sent Major Lee to Polk to ascertain the cause of 
delay. Quoting a well-known Southern historian*: “ Major Lee 
found General Polk seated at a comfortable breakfast, surrounded by 
brilliantly-dressed officers, and delivered his message with military 
bluntness and brevity. General Polk replied that he had ordered 
Hill to open the action, that he was waiting for him, and he added: 

‘ Do tell General Bragg that my heart is overflowing with anxiety for 
the attack—overflowing with anxiety, sir.’ Major Lee returned to 
the commanding general and reported the reply literally. Bragg 
uttered a terrible exclamation, in which Polk, Hill, and all his 
generals were included. ‘Major Lee,’ he cried, ‘ride along the line, 
and order every captain to take his men instantly into action.’ In 
fifteen minutes the battle was joined; but three hours of valuable 
time had been lost, in which Kosecrans was desperately strengthening 
his position.” 

It was between nine and ten o’clock when Breckinridge opened 
the battle on the Confederate right. At the signal, the command 
“forward” ran down the line from right to left, the different divisions 
coming into action in rapid succession. Unlike the conflict of the day 
before, in which each line charged or fell back as the exigencies of the 
moment demanded, the fighting in the early part of the day was 
confined to a zone of varying width in front of the reversed curves of 
the Federal line. 

During the night, and in the four precious hours of daylight 
before the assault began, Rosecrans had considerably strengthened his 
position with log barricades against which, for a time, the Confederate 
assaulting columns hurled themselves in vain. Breckinridge charged 
twice, the second time with Walker, and was twice repulsed. Then 
Cheatham went to Walker’s assistance and a third time the Federal 
left held its ground. Again aud again Cleburne’s and Stewart’s 
divisions charged upon the Federal left center, falling back after each 
repulse to rally, re-form aud charge again. At last Baird’s thin line 


E. A. Pollock, ‘The Lost Cause " 



17 


was pressed back and driven slowly through the fringe of woods in 
its rear. Reinforcements were sent in, and the double-quick of 
Stanley’s brigade across the Kelly field was the first of five brilliant 
charges over that ground during the day. Stanley was just in time; 
the assaulting force under Adams was driven back and the Federal 
line was re-formed in its breastworks. 

Not daunted by these failures, the Confederates charged again 
with a massed force of ten brigades. Simultaneously with a fierce 
attack upon John Beatty’s weakened line, Breckinridge succeeded in 
turning Baird’s flank; and gaining the Lafayette road, he began to 
move upon the rear of the Federal center which was held by Reynolds. 
As soon as this flank movement developed in Baird’s rear, the Confed¬ 
erate forces in front of Reynolds and Brannan attacked these lines 
with renewed zeal, and the unbroken ranks on the Federal left were 
kept hotly engaged by Walker’s and Cleburne’s men. 

The turning of Baird’s flank by Breckinridge was the first of a 
series of events leading up to the famous break in the Federal center. 
General Thomas, alive to the critical need of the moment, sent to 
Rosecrans for Brannan. When the order to go to Thomas’s assistance 
reached Brannan, heavy fighting had already begun on his left, and 
there were indications that a strong assaulting column was forming in 
his front. For this reason he delayed his withdrawal until he could 
report the situation, sending his reserve under Van Derveer, in the 
meantime, to reinforce the left. Van Derveer’s brigade entered the 
Kelly field, changed front under a heavy fire, and charged the flanking 
force with great ardor, bearing it back beyond the line of barricades 
and into the forest. 

While this Avas taking place, a Confederate force under Govan 
gained a foothold on the line from which it had driven Beatty. The 
third charge of the day over the Kelly field Avas made to recover this 
lost ground Grose, with Palmer’s reserve, Avas ordered to the left, 
and forming his command in the field he dashed across the open 
ground and into the woods. Govan held his ground stubbornly, 
though unsupported on either Aving; but he Avas finally pressed back 
with heavy loss. 

With this repulse, the battle on the Federal left subsided; but in 
the meantime the struggle Avas approaching a crisis at the center. 
When Breckinridge appeared in Baird’s rear, Longstreet ordered a 
combined attack on Reynolds’s front Avhich presently extended until it 
involved Brannan and Wood. It Avas this attack that made Brannan 
await further orders before going to the help of the left. Before his 
report of the situation reached Rosecrans, another order had been sent 


18 


♦ 


directing Wood to close up on Reynolds to fill the gap which would 
he made by Brannan’s withdrawal. 1 his, at least, was the intention, 
but the order was peremptory to “ close up on Reynolds.” When it 
reached Wood, the assault was already threatening his left, but he 
obeyed immediately, withdrawing his command from its line of battle 
and forming in column to march to the left. 

Longstreet saw his opportunity and seized it at once. With an 
attacking column of eight brigades—Bushrod Johnson’s, McNair’s, 
Gregg’s, Kershaw’s, Law’s, Humphrey’s, Benning’s, and Robertson’s,— 
in triple line he rushed into the gap, opening with a front and Hank 
fire on Brannan as he advanced. Davis, with his two brigades, threw 
himself across Longstreet’s front, only to be swept away. Brannan 
resisted bravely, but was driven back across the Crawfish Springs 
road and into the woods on a ridge south of the Snodgrass house, 
where he made a stand and once more established his line. 

Wood was also involved in the confusion at the break, but he 
managed to extricate his command, and falling back with Brannan, 
took a position at the latter’s left. As quickly as possible, Hazen was 
thrown into the gap. between Wood and Reynolds, and the Federal 
line was once more continuous though greatly shortened. In the new 
position the line was bent backward until the right was at right angles 
to its former line on the Lafayette road. 

Beyond Brannan’s former position all of the Federal right wing 
was scattered and driven from the field. Negley, with one brigade 
and a number of guns, joined Brannan in the rush for the new 
position; but with this exception nothing was left of the right wing. 
McCook, with a single brigade, tried to stem, the tide, as did Van 
Cleve and Sheridan, but all were borne to the rear, and General 
Lytle, commanding a brigade of Sheridan’s division, lost his life in 
the desperate effort to check Longstreet’s advance. 

As the Confederate columns pressed forward, the retreat became a 
rout, and the roads leading to McFarland’s Gap and Rossville were 
crowded with fugitives. Negley, with the fragment of his division and 
the artillery, first took a position on the ridge at Brannan’s right; but he 
soon abandoned it and joined the retreat, taking the guns with him. 
General Rosecrans, himself, was caught in the disaster which involved 
his right wing; and believing that the battle was lost, he rode into 
Chattanooga with McCook and Crittenden. Sheridan led the main 
body of the retreat to Rossville, and, later in the day, moved again 
toward the front with what troops he could gather by way of the Lafay¬ 
ette road. This movement was delayed, however, and Sheridan got no 
farther than the Cloud house, which point he reached at seven o’clock. 


19 


Thomas alone of the senior officers remained on the field; and 
from the time of the break to the close of the day his condition was 
most desperate. Longstreet sent column after column up the hillside 
against Brannan, and the fighting at that poiut exceeded in fury any 
that had preceded it. Brannan’s ammunition ran low, and before the 
middle of the afternoon his men were fighting with bayonets and 
clubbed guns. 

At half past two o’clock, Bragg sent for Longstreet and heard his 
report of the situation. The wing commander asked for more troops 
in order that he might continue the attack on Snodgrass Hill and at 
the same time press the retreating forces on the Dry Valley and 
Bossville roads. Bragg replied that Polk could spare no men; that 
there was “ no fight left in his wing.” Longstreet then returned to 
his command, and Bragg rode away to Reed’s Bridge, where he 
established his headquarters. In disregarding Longstreet’s request 
for reinforcements, the commanding general seems to have forgotten 
that Cheatham’s men were still in reserve and comparatively fresh. 

Thrown upon his own resources, Longstreet then tried to carry 
Snodgrass Hill by a combined attack upon the front and rear of the 
Federal position. A strong column was sent up the southern slope 
of the hill on Brannan’s front, while another, under Hindman, made 
a detour to the westward, charging and carrying a prolongation of 
the hill which overlooked Brannan’s right flank and rear. The assault 
on the front was repelled after a desperate hand-to-hand conflict with 
bavonets and clubbed guns; but Hindman was more successful, and 
in the lull following the turmoil of the battle in front, the Federals 
could see Hindman’s men forming for an attack by the flank and rear. 

It was a critical moment, and once again the safety of the forlorn 
hope on Snodgrass Hill trembled in the balance. The men were 
weary and exhausted; their ammunition was gone; aud there was no 
battery to check the onrush of the charge which would presently 
launch itself upon the right and rear. 

Help came from an unexpected quarter. A cloud of dust was 
seen approaching from the direction of Rossville, and a moment later 
Granger and Steedman, with two of the three brigades left at Red 
House Bridge, reported to Thomas. The reinforcements, with Van 
Derveer’s command, withdrawn from its position in the Kelly field, 
were double-quicked up the hill to form on Brannan’s right; and a 
charge, led by Steedman in person, was made upon the Confederate • 
forces massing in the ravine and on the ridge. It was successful, v and 
the immediate danger to the Federal right was averted. 

Through the remainder of the afternoon, the ridge held by 


20 


Bran nan and Granger was the center of the heaviest fighting. Column 
after column was sent up the slope by Longstreet, and the Federal 
position was held only at the bitterest cost. I he last assault, made 
soon after five o’clock, was met—for the want of ammunition—by a 
counter-charge with fixed bayonets. The attack was repulsed, but 
the Confederates swept away an entire regiment of Granger’s men as 
they fell back. 

A statement of Granger’s losses gives some idea of the furious 
fighting at this point. 3700 men wheeled into line at Brannan’s 
right; of these, 1175 were killed and wounded, and 613 were miss¬ 
ing—an aggregate of nearly one half. The commanders have since 
given honest praise to the bravery of their opponents; and on either 
side, what officers and soldiers could do was done on that bloody 
Sunday on the slopes of Snodgrass Hill. 

While Longstreet was hurling his assaulting columns against 
Brannan, Polk was organizing his wing for another attack on the 
Federal left. It was directed against Baird’s front, and Willich com¬ 
manding Johnson’s reserve, was sent to Baird’s assistance. His com¬ 
mand made the fourth charge of the day across the Kelly field. Polk’s 
advance was checked, but the attack was renewed a little later on the 
line held by Reynolds and Palmer, where it was again repulsed. 

At half-past five, General Thomas decided to withdraw from the 
field. The movement began on Reynolds’s line, with Palmer, John¬ 
son, and Baird to follow, each command leaving its skirmishers in the 
works. When Reynolds was fairly in motion across the Kelly field, 
he encountered the Confederate column which had made the last 
attack. Turchin was ordered to charge, and his command dashed 
across the open ground, holding the Confederates in check while 
King broke Liddell’s line on the Lafayette road. The fighting was 
sharp and deadly; but Turchin and King gained the road to McFar¬ 
land’s Gap, and Baird, Johnson, and Palmer followed in the order 
named. The last named was attacked with great vigor as he left his 
works, but his command gained the shelter of the woods without 
serious loss. 

Hazen and Wood were next withdrawn, and Steedman followed at 
six o’clock. Brannan’s division was the last to leave the field. Long- 
street was still moving on his front, and in the gathering dusk Brannan’s 
men could see the Confederates on the hillside. Taking advantage of 
Steedinan’s withdrawal, Hindman sent a force to feel its way around 
the Federal right. This detachment reached the hill lately occupied by 
Steedman as Brannan was forming to leave his position. A part of 
Van Derveer’s brigade—the Thirty-Fifth Ohio—fired the last Federal 


21 


/ 


volley on the field of Chickamauga. It was replied to by Hindman’s 
men ; and then a silence doubly profound after the din and turmoil 
of the day fell over the smoky field. The attack was not renewed, 
and Brannan, with Van Derveer as rear guard, joined the moving 
army. At midnight the Federal forces occupied Missionary Bulge, 
from whence they were withdrawn on the evening of the 21st to 
Chattanooga. 

Th us began, continued and ended the famous battle of Chicka¬ 
mauga. And the victory? Far be it from the present teller of stories 
to decide where the learned doctors of the art destructive have disa¬ 
greed for thirty-odd years. Let that question rest. What moves 
one now is not the result; it is rather the splendid fighting qualities 
of our common American blood, the gallant heroism of the men 
irrespective of the device on their battle-flags. Call it a victory on 
either side, or a drawn battle, as you please, but give the meed of 
honor impartially to the men in blue and the men in gray. Theirs 
was the victory, on whichever side they fought, since they triumphed 
exultantly over all the sins of weakness which do so easily beset us, 
fighting bravely and dying gladly for the right as they were given 
to see it. 


LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN 

AND 

CHATTANOOGA. 


T HE siege of Chattanooga followed the battle of Chickamauga. 
Rosecrans fortified the city and Bragg drew his lines around 
it in a vast semi-circle extending from the northern end of 
Missionary Ridge to and across Lookout Mountain and through 
the head of Wills’s Valley to the foothills of the Raccoon below 
Brown’s Ferry. The only line of communication left open to the 
Federal force Avas over Walden’s Ridge to the Sequatchee Valley; and 
when Grant succeeded Rosecrans in command at Chattanooga, he 
found famine at work in the besieged city. 

Reinforcements for the Army of the Cumberland were, however, 
already on the way; and on October 26th, Hooker crossed the river 
at Bridgeport and began the march toward Chattanooga. The first 
thing to be done was to open a line for supplies, and Grant made his 
plans accordingly. At three o’clock on the morning of the 27th, 
Hazen, with 1800 men in sixty pontoons, embarked at Chattanooga 





22 



RUINS OF CRAVENS HOUSE, 1863. 

and dropped silently down the river; and at the same time Smith 
marched across to Brown’s Ferry behind the shelter of Stringer’s 
Ridge on the north bank of the stream. 

Hazen succeeded in passing the Confederate pickets on Lookout 
and landed on the south bank at five o’clock, overcoming the small 
force at Brown’s Ferry, and beginning at once the laying of a pontoon 
bridge. By seven o’clock, Smith’s force had come up and w T as ferried 
across; and at ten the bridge w ? as completed. This movement ex¬ 
tended the Federal right to the head of Wills’s Valley, by a line across 
the neck of Moccasin Bend and the bridge at Brown’s Ferry; and the 
besieged army was no longer dependent upon the railway around the 
foot of Lookout, or the wagon road Avhich skirts the foot of the 
Craven plateau. 

Hooker met with little resistance on the march from Bridgeport, 
reaching Wauhatchie on the afternoon of the 28th. Howard was 
sent on to Brown’s Ferry, and Geary was posted with one division at 
a point three miles south of that point. This occupation of the entire 
valley cut off the Confederate pickets below the Ferry and they came 
in and surrendered. 

On the night of the 28th, Longstreet, who was in command on 
the Confederate left, tried to recover his lost advantage. An attack 
was made upon Geary at Wauhatchie, and a sharp battle w\as fought 
in the darkness. The attack was a failure, so far as dislodging 
Hooker was concerned; and thereafter the Federal line of supplies 
was unmolested. 

















23 


It was not until October 11th that Sherman started with his army 
to the relief of Chattanooga. He came by way of the Memphis and 
Charleston Railway, and after encountering great difficulties, reached 
Bridgeport on the 14th, and Brown’s Ferry with the head of his 
column on the 20th. In the meantime, Longstreet had been detached 
by Bragg and sent against Burnside at Knoxville; and thus the 
singular spectacle was presented of the Confederate commander weak¬ 
ening his forces at the time when his adversary was receiving heavy 
reinforcements. 

The original plan of the battle of Missionary Ridge contemplated 
an attack on Bragg’s right by Sherman’s forces on the morning of the 
22nd ; and Thomas was ordered to extend his lines in front of Chat¬ 
tanooga toward the Ridge on that day. The heavy rain on the 20th 
and 21st delayed the movement of Sherman’s army, however, and it 
was not in position at the North Chickamauga until the night of the 
23rd. On the morning of the same day, Thomas made his dispositions 
for the extension of his line. The advance began at two o’clock in 
the afternoon, and the Federal line was successfully carried forward 
to a series of low hills in which Orchard Knob is the highest point. 
The movement met with determined resistance; but the Confederates 
gave way finally, and fell back upon their second line of intrench- 
ments at the foot of the Ridge. 

At two o’clock on the morning of the 24th, Sherman’s army was 
ready to begin the crossing of the Tennessee River. At that hour, G. 
A. Smith, with 3500 men in 116 pontoons, dropped down the river 
to the mouth of the South Chickamauga. Here the Confederate 
pickets were surprised and captured ; and a short distance below, the 
troops landed without striking a blow. The work of ferrying the 
army across began at once, the pontoon boats serving as barges which 
were towed back and forth by a steamer sent up from Chattanooga. 
As fast as the men landed they were put to work intrenching; and 
by daylight two divisions were across and well covered. 

By noon a bridge was completed, and at one o’clock Sherman 
formed for the assault on the Ridge with M. L. Smith on the left, J. 
E. Smith in the center, and Ewing on the right. The day was dark 
and lowering, and the clouds hung so low r that the Confederates could 
see nothing of the movements of the troops in the valley. At three 
o’clock Sherman had carried the first hill at the end of the Ridge. 
Here he immediately intrenched himself, and the artillery was dragged 
up the hill by hand and placed in position. 

While Sherman was gaining a foothold at the extreme right of the 
Confederate line, Hooker had opened the battle on the left. Early in 


24 



CRAVENS PLATEAU. 


the morning, Geary, with Cruft’s brigade, moved lip Lookout Creek; 
and the remainder of his division advanced to seize the bridge near 
the railway crossing. The bridge was taken by Grose’s brigade, and 
the skirmish at this point diverted the attention of the Confederates 
stationed on the Craven plateau ivhile the mist hid Geary’s movements. 
A little later, Geary crossed the creek and began to ascend the 
mountain in his front; and at the same time Osterliaus crossed at the 
bridge and pressed forward toward the Confederate position on the 
plateau. The mountain side facing Wills’s Valley was traversed by 
rifle-pits, and the Confederates came out to resist Osterhaus’s advance. 

The opposing forces met at a point about half way between the 
base of the mountain and the plateau, and the Confederates were 
driven back by the superior numbers in the Federal assaulting column. 
Osterliaus and Cruft pushed on up the mountain, and when their 
commands joined Geary’s a continuous line was formed with its right 
reaching far up toward the cliffs at the summit. Swinging on the 
right as a pivot, the Federals swept up the mountain and across the 
Craven plateau. Here were the redoubts thrown up by the Confed¬ 
erate left wing, and as these faced the road crossing the point of the 
mountain, the Federal advance enfiladed them. There was a sharp 
fight on the plateau, but it was the war-correspondent of the news¬ 
papers who raised it to the dignity of a battle, and who gave it to the 
world as the “ Famous Battle Above the Clouds.” It was not above, 
it was in ; and the cloud was nothing more than a mist which covered 
mountain and valley alike. By noon, Hooker had connected his lines 












25 


with the Federal right on Chatta¬ 
nooga Creek ; and at five o’clock 
communications were established 
and Carlin was sent to reinforce 
Hooker. 

The morning of November 25th 
dawned clear and bright. Grant 
had established his headquarters 
on Orchard Knob, from whence the 
whole field was in view. Bragg’s 
headquarters, nearly opposite the 
Knob on the summit of Missionary 
Ridge were in plain sight, and his 
officers and aides could be seen 
coming and going constantly. 
Grant’s plans were fully matured 
and they comprehended three dis¬ 
tinct movements. Sherman was to 0 
attack and carry the north end of > 
the Ridge ; Hooker was to cross the g 
Chattanooga Valley, bestriding the c 
Ridge at Rossville Gap and sweep- J 
iug its crest and sides as he ad- g 
vanced ; and at the propitious ^ 
moment Thomas was to be launched w 
against the center of the Confed¬ 
erate line. 

Sherman opened the battle at 
sunrise. Three brigades held the 
hilltop taken and fortified on the 
previous day, and an assaulting 
column was formed to attack the 
Confederate right simultaneously in 
front and on both flanks. In this 
column M. L. Smith moved along 
the eastern base of the Ridge, 
Corse’s brigade was in the center, 
and Loomis, with two brigades of 
J. E. Smith’s division, formed the 
right of the attacking force. For 
two hours the conflict raged on the 
hillsides. Corse’s command sue- 
















20 


ceeded in getting a foothold in the extreme end of the Confederate works, 
and M. L. Smith gained and held the railway. These were but 
inconsiderable advantages, and though Sherman’s men fought gallantly 
they were unable to dislodge the Confederate force occupying the 
strong position at the summit of the Ridge. Corse’s men were in a 
desperate situation and J. E. Smith, with two brigades, charged across 
the open ground to their relief. Smith’s men were under a heavy fire 
of artillery and musketry from the moment they left the shelter of 
the woods, but they gained a parapet of the Confederate works only 
to be driven out and forced back into the ravine. 

At this time Grant ordered Thomas to send reinforcements to 
Sherman, and Baird’s division was marched from its position at the 
right of Orchard Knob. Soon after, Bragg began massing in the 
same direction, and Grant waited impatiently for Hooker’s appearance, 
which would compel the Confederate commander to further thin his 
center by supporting his left. Hooker had been delayed by the 
burning of the bridges across Chattanooga Creek; and late in the 
afternoon, when Sherman’s condition had become so critical that delay 
was no longer possible, Grant ordered Thomas to advance and carry 
the Confederate works at the foot of the Ridge. 

This was the order for which the men of the Army of the Cumber¬ 
land had been impatiently waiting. When the signal guns were fired 
at twenty minutes before four o’clock, 20,000 men swept forward in 
line of battle carrying everything before them to the foot of the 
Ridge. Here there was a short pause. The orders to the division 
commanders were to advance to the base of the Ridge, but before 
they could be amended or supplemented, the lines broke and the men 
dashed up the hill as if impelled by a single impulse. 

Grant was watching the movement and he turned to Thomas to 
ask angrily who had ordered the charge up the Ridge. Thomas 
replied that he did not know, and Grant rejoined that success would 
be the only excuse for the unauthorized advance. Under the con¬ 
ditions, success was only the question of a few minutes. The guns of 
the Confederate batteries on the summit could not be depressed so as 
to make them effective; and the advancing host was covered on its 
front by the fringe of Confederates driven out of the intrenchments at 
the base and on the hillside. In a short time—twenty minutes, a 
veteran tells me,—Bragg’s line was broken at five or six different 
points; the trenches were enfiladed and the guns in the batteries were 
turned upon the fleeing Confederates. 

This charge virtually ended the battle. Hardee, on the Con¬ 
federate right, changed front and tried to hold his position, but was 


27 



bragg’s headquarters. 

unable to do so; and Cleburne, who had been left in command on 
Sherman’s front, withdrew when he found himself unsupported. In 
the meantime, Hooker reached the Ridge at Rossville, where his 
advance was disputed by a division of the Confederate left. Hooker 
P r essed forward, and the Confederate force, finding itself presently 
between two fires, joined the retreat. 

And after this fashion was the battle of Missionary Ridge lost and 
won. Unlike its predecessor in the forests of Chickamauga, it was a 
game of generalship, well- or ill-played as the event decided. Deeds of 
valor there were a-plenty, and on both sides, but not to compare with 
those of the September Saturday and Sunday around the Kelly house 
and on Snodgrass Hill. A word in justice to the brave men who 
defended the heights in front of Orchard Knob and the tale is told. 
Among all those who have written the story of this later battle, the 
Confederate commander alone accuses his soldiers of cowardice. He 
says that there was no excuse for his troops; that his position was one 
which should have been held by a skirmish line against any force; 
that when the Federal charge reached the summit, the men were so 
exhausted that the slightest effort would have destroyed them. 

And the truth is this. For months the men had followed a leader 
whose misfortune it was to lose every vantage ground their valor had 
gained; for weeks they had maintained a tenuous line of circumval- 
lation, indefensible for the greater part, and weakened by scattered 
outworks until it could be broken at any point; for days they had 
seen the opposing army grow by reinforcement until it outnumbered 









28 


t 



BOULEVARD, MISSION RIDGE. 

them two to one, and in the face of this they saw their own ranks 
depleted, first by the detachment of Longstreet, and later by that of 
Buckner. These things they saw and the wonder is, not that they 
broke and fled, but that they had the courage to fight at all under 
such a commander. 

All honor then to the men who defended Missionary Ridge, as 
well as to those who fought their way to its summit. It is a tardy 
tribute to the valor of the defenders, and it is offered by one whose 
father fought for the preservation of the Union, but it is given 
unstintingly and heartily, in the belief that when the history of the 
Civil War conies to be written by the unpartisan historian, it will be 
confirmed. 












CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA 
NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. 


T he coDservatiou by the General Government of the tract of land 
whereon a battle was fought, and the turning it into a public 
park, is a new thing in the history of the United States, though 
it is not without European precedents. Since we have begun it, 
it is fitting that the first battle-field so set apart should be that of 
Chickamauga. No field in the West—not excepting Shiloh—was 
more strenuously contested ; and while the immediate results of the 
conflict were inconsiderable, its ultimate influence was important and 
far-reaching, changing the entire course of the struggle in the West. 
The Confederate generals, themselves, are authority for the statement 
that Southern soldiers never fought better than at Chickamauga, and 
never fought as well after that battle. On the other hand, the North¬ 
ern army gained experience and confidence as its opponents lost heart; 
and the recollection of the stubborn defense of the breastworks in the 
Chickamauga bottom and on Snodgrass Hill sent the survivors of that 
memorable contest triumphantly forward on many another hard-fought 
field. 

The Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park had its origin 
in the reunion of the Army of the Cumberland, held in Chattanooga 
in 1889. During that meeting, the Chickamauga Memorial Associa¬ 
tion was formed, with General J. T. Wilder, (Federal,) as president, 
and General Joseph Wheeler, (Confederate,) as vice president. A 
board of directors was elected, comprising an equal number of Federal 
and Confederate officers; and work was begun at once in the different 
States looking forward to the creation of a favorable sentiment toward 
the object of the Association, which was the erection of suitable 
memorials commemorating the events of the battle. The efforts of 
the directors were completely successful, and the various States repre¬ 
sented by organisations in the field responded with liberal appropria¬ 
tions. Then Congress was memorialised and an appropriation of 
$125,000 was secured under conditions which made the work of the 
Association national. 



/ 


30 

The first step on the part of the Park Commission was the purchase 
of the tract including the field of Chickamauga. Roughly speaking, 
its boundaries are an east and west line drawn through McFarland’s 
Gap on the north; Chickamauga Creek on the east; an east and west 
line passing near Lee and Gordon’s Mill on the south; and Missionary 

Rhine on the west. These boundaries inclose an area of about ten 

© 

square miles, part of which is arable land held by tenants under the 
Commission. 

In this tract, which covers the ground over which the principal 
movements of both armies were made on September 19th and 20th, 
18(13, the Park Commission has accomplished much in the way of 
restoration. Aside from transforming the rough country roads into 
smooth boulevards, no modern park improvements have been per¬ 
mitted ; the aim of the Commissin being to restore, as nearly as 
possible, the natural face of the tract so that it shall preserve the 
appearance of the actual battle-field. To this end, the disused roads 
of 1863 have been re-opened; the lines of breastworks have been 
replaced; and the movements of the troops by brigades have been 
indicated by large iron tablets, giving the organisation of brigades 
and divisions and a brief history of their evolutions on the field. In 
addition to the tablets, the Commission has erected eight monuments 
to the general officers—four on each side—who fell in the engagement. 
These monuments are triangular pyramids of eight-inch shells; and 
they stand each on the spot where the officer in question fell. 

On Snodgrass Hill, at a point near Hall’s Ford, and on the hill 
west of Jay’s Mill, iron observation towers have been built, from 
which a comprehensive view of the entire field may be had. These 
are especially helpful in the study of a field which, like that of 
Chickamauga, is comparatively level, and so thickly wooded that no 
general idea of its configuration may be obtained from any point ot 
view on its surface. 

Besides the historical tablets, many guideposts have been erected 
along the Park roads; pointing out the exact localities of the famous 
houses in the field,—Brothertou’s, the Widow Glenn’s, the Kelly house 
and field, Yiniard’s, McDonald’s, the Dyer hosue and field, aud others. 
At the points occupied by the various batteries, an equal number of 
guns of like caliber and construction have been placed; and these in 
themselves are monuments of no mean rank. The Commission has 
also commemorated the part borne in the battle by the regular troops, 
infantry and artillery, by erecting suitable monuments at the various 
points where these organisations fought. 

Here the work of the Commission on the field of Chickamauga 


31 


pauses aud that of the States begins Costly monuments, many of 
them works of art, mark the positions of the various organisations; 
and no expense has been spared by the committees on location in the 
effort to define the original lines of battle, and the positions occupied 
by the troops. So far as one may see, this work has been very suc¬ 
cessful. Not only have the committees been able to locate the jirinci- 
pal positions occupied during the two-day battle by a given brigade or 
regiment, but they have in many instances traced the movements of 
the organisation from point to point on the field; and by the use of 
small monuments, or “markers,” they have given a complete history 
of such movements showing the time in hours. 

Beyond the boundaries of the Park proper the Commission has 
added supplemental works of great magnitude and importance. The 
Lafayette road has been paved as far as Rossville; a magnificient 
boulevard has been constructed along the summit of Missionary 
Ridge; a small tract of land on De Long’s Point, and a larger one 
including General Sherman’s battle-field at the northern extremity of 
the Ridge, have been purchased ; and iron observation towers, similar 
to those in the Park, have been built on the site of Bragg’s head¬ 
quarters and on the reservation on De Long’s Point. Extending its 
work still farther from the original field, the Commission purchased 
Orchard Knob, the hill half way between the city and Missionary 
Ridge on which General Grant’s headquarters were located on the day 
of the battle of Missionary Ridge. This has been added to the Park 
area, and in the future it will be connected with the other reservations 
by a boulevard. 

In the city of Chattanooga the Commission has also done much to 
increase the historic interest of the locality. The lines of the old 
fortifications have been carefully traced and their various salients and 
angles defined by appropriate tablets. The headquarters of the corps, 
division, and brigade commanders of both armies have been sought 
out and marked in the same manner. Notable buildings like the 
military prison, the hospital where the wounded from the battle of 
Chickamauga were cared for, and the officers’ hospital used during the 
seige, have also been designated by descriptive tablets. 

In all of its work the Commission has been thorough and painstak¬ 
ing. That which has been done has been well done. The paving of 
the boulevards compares favorably with that in any park in the great 
cities; and the culverts and subways are substantial reminders that 
the art of building for future generations has not yet become a lost 
art in this day of universal sham-building. While it may not be the 
part of the historian to praise men for being honest, it is yet worthy 

} 


32 


of remark that no suspicion of jobbery attaches to any of the under¬ 
takings of those who have been the nation’s deputies in this work. 
Very considerable sums of money have been placed at the disposal of 
the Commission, and it has been honestly spent, as the work will show. 

The creation of the Park was a patriotic conception on the part of 
its originators, worthily planned and ably executed. As a memorial 
to a nation’s dead, it stands unique among the records of the great 
struggle. That the contending sections have met in amity to further 
the object of the Association is but another evidence—happily one 
among many—that we are one people, a nation undivided and indi¬ 
visible, whose sons may meet with fraternal hand-clasp on the field 
where once, for a little time, our common heritage as Americans was 
lost in the din and turmoil of party strife. 


POINTS OF INTEREST. 


The Park Commission has placed bronze tablets locating most of 
the following points : 

Location of the Fortifications of 1863. 

Battery Bushnell. N. W. corner Payne and Lindsay Streets. 

Battery Cooledge. On Cameron Hill, west of, and near Fort 
Mihalotzy. Old Reservoir. 

Battery Erwin. N. W. corner Gilmer and “ C” Streets. 

Battery McAloon. On knoll near the mouth of Citico Creek. 

Battery Taft. Elevation at intersection of Gilmer and “B” 
Streets. 

Fort Cameron. Battery of 100 pounder Parrott guns about two 
hundred yards south of the Point of Cameron Hill. 

Fort Creighton, or Fort Wood. The Elevation between E. 
5th Street and Vine Street, east of Palmetto Street, facing East End 
Avenue. 

Fort Lytle, or Star Fort. College Street, South end of 
College Hill. 

Fort Mihalotzy. Cameron Hill, present site of residence of C. 
A. Davidson, 221 Prospect Street. 

Fort Negley, or Fort Phelps. Elevation south of Montgomerv 
Avenue, west of Rossville Road. 

Fort Sherman. Interior line of fortifications from intersection 
of E. 5th and Walnut Streets, east of and around Brabson Hill, to 
Battery Bushnell. 

Lunette O’Meara. On Brabson Hill at intersection of E. 5th 
and Lindsay Streets. Signal Hill. 

Redoubt Carpenter, and Lookout Battery. On eastern spur 
of Cameron Hill, site of the old Water Works Reservoir, north end 
of Cedar Street. 




33 


Redoubt Crutchfield, or Fort Sheridan. On south extension 
of Cameron Hill, site of residence of Capt. H. S. Chamberlain, 137 
E. Terrace Street. 

Redoubt Jones, or Stone Fort. Elevation south of 10th Street 
and east of Market Street. Present site of the Post-Office. 

Redoubt Putnam. At intersection of E. 5th and Walnut Streets. 
Battery Smartt. West end Bluff View. 


Headquarters. 

South-west corner E. Terrace and Gillespie Streets. Gen. 
P. H. Sheridan. 

326 Walnut Street —North-east corner of E. 4th Street. Adjt. 
General Army of the Cumberland: Gen. Garfield and Gen. Reynolds. 
302 Walnut Street. General J. M Brannan. 

North-east corner E. 4th and High Streets. Adjt. General, 
Bragg’s Army. 

316 Walnut Street. Headquarters Army of the Cumberland. 
Gen. W. S. Rosecrans: Gen. Geo. H. Thomas: Gen. U. S. Grant: 
Gen. W. D. Whipple. 

19 East Fourth Street —North-west corner Cherry Street. Gen. 
A. C. Gillem: Gen. J. G. Parkhurst. 

218 Boyce Street —North-east corner Montgomery Avenue. 
General W. P. Carlin, (Federal): General Lead better, (Confederate). 

Corner Boyce and Montgomery Avenue, opposite 218 Boyce 
Street. Gen. H. Morgan, (Confederate). 

North-east corner Boyce and Hooke Streets. Gen. Ferd. 
Van Derveer. 

603 Pine Street —South-west corner E. 6th Street. Gen. D. 
H. Hill; Gen. W. J. Hardee, (Confederate): Gen. J. M. Palmer; 
Gen. J. D. McPherson, (Federal). 

401 High Street —South-west corner E. 4th Street. Inspector 
General, Armv of the Cumberland. 

24 College Street —Near corner of Craven Street. Gen. 
Leonidas Polk. 

West 9th Street —Between Burch and East Terrace Streets. 
Gen. Absalom Baird. 

D. B. Loveman’s residence on E. 5th Street, east of Georgia 
Avenue. Gen. Braxton Bragg, (Confederate): Gen. Geo. D. Wagner, 
(Federal). 

Court House. Gen. Gordon Granger. 

Presbyterian Church —South-west corner Georgia Avenue and 
E. 7th Street. Gen. J. B. Steedman; Col. S. B. Moe, Adjt. Gen. 
Staff, Gen. J. B. Steedman. 

110 First Street. Gen. W. T. Sherman; Gen. U. S. Grant. 
415 Poplar Street. Col. T. R. Stanley, Post Commander: Gen. 
J. C. Breckinridge. 

417 Cedar Street. Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, (Commanding 14th 
Corps). 

North-east corner Houston and Vine Street Gen. T. J. 
Wood. 



34 


Provost Marshal’s Office was at 400 Walnut Street, south¬ 
east corner E. 4th Street; and on E. 4th between Market and Cherry 
Streets; 718 Market Street; and north-west corner W. 7th and Broad 
Streets. 

Post Quarter Master. 521 Market Street. 

Post Commissary. West of Market Street, on north side of 4th 
Street. 

Military Prison. Police Headquarters, Market and 4th Streets. 

Swim’s Jail, or Dungeon. North side of East 5th Street, between 
Walnut and Lookout Streets. 

Post Chapel. South-east corner E. 6th and Walnut Streets. 

Old Crutchfield House. Read House. 

Hospital. School House, Gillespie Street. 

Officers’ Hospital. South-east corner Poplar and W. 5th 
Streets. 


ORGANIZATION 

. . of the . . 

Armies Engaged in the Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, 
September 19th and 20th, 1863. 


FEDERAL. Army of the Cumberland. 

Major General W. S. ROSECRANS, Commanding. 

General Headquarters escort: 

1st Battalion Ohio Sharpshooters, 10th Ohio. 

15tli Pennsylvania Cavlary. 

14tii Army Corps: Major General Geo. H. Thomas. 

Provost Guard: 9th Michigan Infantry. 

Escort: 1st Ohio Cavalry, Company L. 

First Division, Brigadier General Absalom Baird. 

1st Brigade, Col. Benj. F. Scribner. 

38th Indiana, 2d Ohio, 33d Ohio, 94th Ohio, 10th Wisconsin. 

1st Michigan Light Artillery, Battery A. 

2d Brigade, Brigadier General John C. Starkweather. 

24th Illinois, 79th Pennsylvania, 1st Wisconsin, 21st Wisconsin. 

4th Indiana Light Artillery. 

3d Brigade, Brigadier General J. H. King. 

15th United States 1st Battalion, 16th United States 1st Battalion, 

18th United States 1st Battalion, 18th United States 2d Battalion, 

19th United States 1st Battalion, 5th United States Artillery, Battery H. 

Second, Division, Major General Jas. S. Negley. 

1st Brigade, Brigadier General John Beatty. 

104th Illinois, 42d Indiana, 15th Kentucky, 88th Indiana. 

Illinois Light Artillery, (Bridges) Battery. 

2d Brigade, Col. T. R. Stanley. 

19th Illinois, 11th Michigan, 18th Ohio. 

1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery M. 

3d Brigade, Col. Wm. Sirwell. 

37th Indiana. 21st Ohio, 74th Ohio, 78th Pennsylvania. 

1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery G, 


( 




35 


Third Division, Brigadier General John M. Brannan. 

1st Brigade, Col. John M. Connell. 

82d Indiana, 17th Ohio, 31st Ohio. 

1st Michigan Light Artillery, Battery D. 

2d Brigade, Col. John T. Croxton. 

10th Indiana, 74th Indiana, 4th Kentucky, 14th Ohio, 10th Kentucky. 
1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery C. 

3d Brigade, Col. Ferdinand Van Derveer. 

87th Indiana, 2d Minnesota, 9th Ohio, 35th Ohio. 

4th United States Artillery, Battery I. 

Fourth Division, Major General Jos. J. Reynolds. 

1st Brigade, Col. J. T. Wilder. 

92d Illinois, 98th Illinois, 123d Illinois, 17th Indiana, 72d Indiana. 

18th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

2d Brigade, Col. Edward A. King. 

08th Indiana, 75th Indiana, 101st Indiana, 105th Ohio. 

19th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

3d Brigade, Brigadier General John B. Turchin. 

18th Kentucky, 11th Ohio, 36th Ohio, 92d Ohio. 

21st Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 


20tii Army Corps: Major General Alex. M. McCook 

Escort : 2d Kentucky Cavalry, Company I. 
Provost Guard: 81st Indiana, Company II. 

First Division, Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis. 

1st Brigade, Col. Sidney Post. 

59th Illinois, 74th Illinois, 75th Illinois, 22d Indiana. 

5th Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery. 

This Brigade not engaged: guarding trains. 

2d Brigade, Brigadier General Wm. P. Carlin. 

21st Illinois, 38th Illinois, 81st Indiana, 101st Ohio. 

2d Battery Minnesota Light Artillery. 

3d Brigade, Col. Hans C. Heg. 

25th Illinois, 35th Illinois, 8th Kansas, 15th Wisconsin. 

8th Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery. 

Second Division, Brigadier General Richard W. Johnson. 

1st Brigade, Brigadier General Aug. Willich. 

89th Illinois, 32d Indiana, 39th Indiana, 49th Ohio, 15th Ohio. 
1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery A. 

2d Brigade, Col. Jos. B. Dodge. 

79th Illinois, 29th Indiana, 30th Indiana, 77th Pennsylvania. 
20th Battery Ohio Light Artillery. 

3d Brigade, Col. Phil. P. Baldwin. 

6th Indiana, 5th Kentucky, 1st Ohio, 93d Ohio. 

5th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

Third Division, Major General Phil. H. Sheridan. 

1st Brigade, Brigadier General Wm. LI. Lvtle. 

36th Illinois, 88th Illinois, 21st, Michigan, 24th Wisconsin. 
11th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

2d Brigade, Col. Bernard Laiboldt. 

44th Illinois, 73d Illinois, 2d Missouri, 15th Missouri. 

1st Missouri Light Artillery, Battery G. 

3d Brigade, Col. Luther P. Bradley. 

22d Illinois, 27th Illinois, 42d Illinois, 51st Illinois. 

1st Illinois Light Artillery, Battery C. 


21st Army Corps: Major General Thomas L. Crittenden. 

Escort: 15th Illinois Cavalry, Company K. 

First Division, Brigadier General Thomas J. Wood. 

1st Brigade, Col. George P. Buell. 

100th Illinois, 58th Indiana, 13th Michigan, 26th Ohio. 

8th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

2d Brigade, Brigadier General George L>. Wagner. 

15th Indiana, 40th Indiana, 57th Indiana, 97th Ohio. 

10th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

This Brigade was stationed in Chattanooga during the battle. 

3d Brigade, Col. Chas. G. Harker. 

3d Kentucky, 64th Ohio, 65th Ohio, 125th Ohio. 

6th Battery Ohio Light Artillery. 

Second Division , Major General John M. Palmer. 

1st Brigade, Brigadier General Chas. Cruft. 

31st Indiana, 1st Kentucky, 2d Kentucky, 90th Ohio. 

1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery B. 

2d Brigade, Brigadier General Wm. B. Hazen. 

9tli Indiana, 6tli Kentucky, 41st Ohio, 124th Ohio. 

1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery F. 

3d Brigade, Col. Wm. Gross. 

84th Illinois, 36th Indiana, 23d Kentucky, 6th Ohio, 24th Ohio. 

4th U. S. Artillery, Battery M, 4th U. S. Artillery, Battery II. 

Third, Division, Brigadier General Horatio P. Yan Cleve. 

1st Brigade, Brigadier General Samuel Beatty. 

79th Indiana, 9th Kentucky, 17th Kentucky, 19th Ohio. 

7th Battery Indiana Light Artillery. 

2d Brigade, Col. George F. Dick. 

44th Indiana, 86th Indiana, 13th Ohio, 59th Ohio. 

26th Battery Pennsylvania Light Artillery. 

3d Brigade, Col. Sidney M. Barnes. 

35th Indiana, 8th Kentucky, 51st. Ohio, 99tli Ohio. 

3d Battery Wisconsin Light Artillery. 

Reserve Corps : Major General Gordon Granger. 

Escort: 1st Missouri Cavalry, Company F. 

First Division, Brigadier General James B. Steedman. 

1st Brigade, Brigadier General Walter C. Whittaker. 

96th Illinois, 115th Illinois, 84th Ind., 22d Mich., 40th Ohio, 89th Ohio. 
18th Battery Ohio Light Artillery. 

2d Brigade, Col. John G. Mitchell. 

78th Illinois, 98th Ohio, 121st Ohio, 113th Ohio. 

1st Illinois Light Artillery, Battery M. 

Second Division, (One Brigade of) 

2d Brigade, Col. Daniel McCook, 

85th Illinois, 86th Illinois, 125th Illinois, 52d Ohio, 69th Ohio. 

2d Illinois Light Artillery, Battery I. 

Cavalry Corps: Brigadier General Robert B. Mitchell. 

First Division, Col. Edward M. McCook. 

1st Brigade, Col. Archibald P. Campbell. 

2d Michigan, 9th Pennsylvania; 1st Tennessee. 

2d Brigade, Col. Daniel M. Ray. 

2d Indiana, 4th Indiana, 2d Tennessee, 1st Wisconsin. 

1st Ohio Light Artillery, Battery D, (Section). 

3d Brigade, Col. Louis D. Watkins. 

4th Kentucky, 5th Kentucky, 6th Kentucky. 


37 


Second Division, Brigadier General George Crook. 

1st Brigade, Col. Robert H. G. Minty. 

3d Indiana, 4th Michigan, 7th Pennsylvania, 4th United States. 
Chicago, (Illinois) B. of T. Battery, (Section). 

2d Brigade, Col. Eli Long. 

2d Kentucky, 1st Ohio, 4th Ohio, 3d Ohio. 

Chicago, (Illinois) B. of T. Battery, (Section). 


CONFEDERATE. Army of Tennessee. 

General BRAXTON BRAGG , Commanding. 

Escort: Dreux’s Co., Louisiana Cavalry; Holloway's Co., Alabama Cavalry. 

Right AYing: Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk. 

Escort : Greenleaf’s Company, Louisiana Cavalry. 

Polk’s Corps: 

Cheatham'8 Division, Major General Benj. F. Cheatham. 

Escort: Company G, 2d Georgia Cavalry. 

Jackson’s Brigade, Brigadier General John K. Jackson. 

1st Georgia, 5th Georgia, 2d Georgia Battalion S. S., 5tli Mississippi, 
8th Mississippi, Scogins Georgia Battery. 

Maney’s Brigade, Brigadier General George Maney. 

1st Tenn., 27th Tenn., 4th Tenn., (Prov. Army); 6th Tenn., 9th Tenn., 
24th Tenn. Battalion S. S., Smith’s Mississippi Battery. 

Smith’s Brigade, Brigadier General Preston Smith. 

lltli Tennessee, 12th Tennessee, 47th Tennessee, 13th Tennessee, 154th 
Tenn., 29th Tenn. Dawson’s Battalion S. S.; Scott’s Tenn. Battery * 

AVright’s Brigade, Brigadier General Marcus J. AY right. 

8tli Tennessee, 16th Tennessee, 28th Tennessee, 38th Tennessee, Mur¬ 
ray’s Tennessee Battalion, 51st Tennessee, 52d Tennessee, Carnes’s 
Tennessee Battery. 

Strahl’s Brigade, Brigadier General Otho F. Strahl. 

4th Tennessee, 19th Tennessee, 5th Tennessee, 24th Tennessee, 31st 
Tennessee, 33d Tennessee, Stanford’s Mississippi Battery. 

Hill’s Corps: Lieutenant General Daniel H. Hill.: 

Cleburne's Division, Major General Patrick R. Cleburne. 

Escort : Sanders’s Company, Tennessee Cavalry. 

AVood’s Brigade, Brigadier General S. A. M. AYood. 

16th Alabama, 33d Alabama, 45th Alabama, 18th Alabama Battalion, 
32d Mississippi, 45th Mississippi, 15th Mississippi Battalion S. S., 
Semple’s Alabama Battery. 

Polk’s Brigade, Brigadier General Lucius E. Polk. 

1st Arkansas, 3d Confederate, 5th Confederate, 2d Tennessee, 35th Ten¬ 
nessee, 48th Tennessee, Calvert’s Arkansas Battery. 

Deshler’s Brigade, Brigadier General James Deshler. 

19th Arkansas, 24th Arkansas, 6th Texas Infantry, 10th Texas Infantry, 
15th Texas Cavalry, 17th Texas Cavalry, 18th Texas Cavalry, 24th 
Texas Cavalry, 25th Texas Cavalry, Douglas’s Texas Battery. 

Breckinridge's Division, Major General John C. Breckinridge. 

Escort: Foules’s Company, Mississippi Cavalry. 

Helm’s Brigade, Brigadier General Benj. H. Helm. 

4th Kentucky, 41st Alabama, 2d Kentucky, 6th Kentucky, 9th Ken¬ 
tucky, Cobb’s Kentucky Battery. 

Adams’s Brigade, Brigadier General Daniel A\ T . Adams. 

32d Alabama, 13th Louisiana, 20th Louisiana, 16th Louisiana, 25th Lou¬ 
isiana, 19th Louisiana, 14th Louisiana Battalion, Slocum’s Louisiana 
Battery, Graves’s Kentucky Battery. 

Stovall’s Brigade, Brigadier General M. A. Stovall. 

1st Florida, 3d Florida, 4th Florida, 47th Georgia, 60th North Carolina, 

Mebane’s Tennessee Battery. 



38 


Walker’s (Reserve) Corps: Major General W. H. T. Walker. 

Walker's Division, Brigadier General S. R. Gist. 

Gist’s Brigade, Col. P. Id. Colquitt. 

46th Ga., 8th Ga. Battalion, 16th South Carolina, 24th South Carolina. 

Ector’s Brigade, Brigadier General M. D. Ector. 

Stone’s Alabama Battalion S. S., Pound’s Mississippi Battalion S. S., 
29th North Carolina, 9th Texas, 10th Texas Cavalry, 14th Texas 
Cavalry, 32d Texas Cavalry. 

Wilson’s Brigade, Col. C. C. Wilson, 

25th Georgia, 29th Georgia, 30th Georgia, 1st Georgia Battalion S. S., 
4tli Louisiana Battalion, Howell’s (Martin) Georgia Battery. 

Liddell's Division, Brigadier General St. John It. Liddell. 

Liddell’s Brigade, Col. Daniel C. Go van, 

2d Arkansas, 15th Arkansas, 7th Arkansas, 6th Arkansas, 8th Arkansas, 
5th Arkansas, 13th Arkansas, 1st Louisiana, Swetts’s Miss. Battery. 

Walthall’s Brigade, Brigadier General Edward C. Walthall, 

27th Mississippi, 24th Mississippi, 30th Mississippi, 34th Mississippi, 
29th Mississippi, Fowler’s Alabama Battery. 

Left Wing: Lieutenant General James Longstreet. 

Hindman's Division, (of Polk’s Corps,) Major General Thomas C. Hindman. 
Escort: Lenoir’s Company, Alabama Cavalry. 

Anderson’s Brigade, Brigadier General Patton Anderson. 

7th Mississippi, 9th Mississippi, 10th Mississippi, 41st Mississippi, 44th 
Mississippi, 9th Mississippi Battalion 8. S., Garrity’s Ala. Battery. 

Deas’s Brigade, Brigadier General Zach C. Deas, 

19th Alabama, 22d Alabama, 25th Alabama, 39th Alabama, 50th Ala¬ 
bama, 17th Alabama Battalion S. S., Dent’s Alabama Battery. 

Manigault’s Brigade, Brigadier General A. M. Manigault, 

24th Alabama, 28th Alabama, 34th Alabama, 10th South Carolina, 19th 
South Carolina, Waters’s Alabama Battery. 

Buckner’s Corps: Major General Simon B. Buckner. 

Escort : Clark’s Company, Tennessee Cavalry. 

Stewart's Division, Major General Alex. P. Stewart. 

Bate’s Brigade, Brigadier General William B. Bate, , 

58th Alabama, 37th Georgia, 4th Georgia Battalion S. S., 15th Tennessee, 
37th Tennessee, 20th Tennessee, Eufaula (Alabama) Battery. 

Clayton’s Brigade, Brigadier General Henry D. Clayton, 

18th Alabama, 36th Alabama, 38th Alabama, 1st Arkansas Battery. 

Brown’s Brigade, Brigadier General John C. Brown, 

18th Tennessee, 26th Tennessee, 32d Tennessee, 45th Tennessee, 23d 
Tennessee Battalion, Dawson’s Georgia Battery. 

Preston's Division, Brigadier General William Preston. 

Grade’s Brigade, Brigadier General Archie Grade, Jr., 

43d Alabama, 1st Alabama Battalion, 2d Alabama Battalion, 3d Alabama 
Battalion, 4th Alabama Battalion, 63d Tennessee. 

Trigg’s Brigade, Col. Robert C. Trigg, 

1st Florida Cavalry, 6th Florida, 7th Florida, 54th Virginia. 

Kelly’s (3d) Brigade, Col. J. H. Kelly, 

65th Georgia, 5th Kentucky, 58th North Carolina, 63d Virginia. 

Leyden’s Artillery Battalion, Major A. Leyden, 

Jeffress’s (Virginia) Battery, Peeples’s (Georgia) Battery, 

Wolihin’s (Georgia) Batterv 

Reserve Corps Artillery: Major S. C. Williams. 

Baxter’s (Tennessee) Battery, Darden’s Mississippi Battery, Kolb’s 
Alabama Battery, McCants’s Florida Battery. 


39 


Loxgstreet’s Corps: (Under command of Major General John B. Hood,) 

McLaw’s Division, (two Brigades of). 

Kershaw’s Brigade, Brigadier General J. B. Kershaw, 

2d South Carolina, 3d South Carolina, 7tli South Carolina, St.h South 
Carolina, 15th South Carolina, 3d South Carolina Battalion. 
Humphrey’s Brigade, Brigadier General Benj. G. Humphrey, 

13th Mississippi, 17th Mississippi, 18th Mississippi, 21st Mississippi. 

Hood's Division, (Under command of Brigadier General Evander McLaw) 
Law’s Brigade, Col. James L. Sheffield. 

4th Alabama, 15th Alabama, 44th Alabama, 47th Alabama, 48tli Alabama. 
Robertson’s Brigade, Brigadier General Jerome B. Robertson, 

3d Arkansas, 1st Texas, 4th Texas, 5th Texas. 

Benning’s Brigade, Brigadier General Henry L. Benning, 

2d Georgia, 15th Georgia, 17th Georgia, 20th Georgia. 

(Artillery Corps not present at the battle). 

Johnson's Division, Brigadier General Bushrod R. Johnson. 

(A provisional division attached to Longstreet’s Corps). 

Gregg’s Brigade, Brigadier General John Gregg, 

3d Tennessee, 10th Tennessee, 30th Tennessee, 41st Tennessee, 50th 
Tennessee, 1st Tennessee Battalion, 7th Texas, Bledsoe’s Mo. Battery. 
McNair’s Brigade, Brigadier General Evander McNair, 

1st Arkansas Rifles, (Mounted), 2d Arkansas Rifles, (Mounted), 25th 
Arkansas, 4th Arkansas; 31st Arkansas, 4th Arkansas Battalion, 30th 
North Carolina, Culpepper’s South Carolina Battery. 

Johnson’s Brigade, Col. John S. Fulton, 

17th Tennessee, 23d Tennessee, 25th Tennessee, 44tli Tennsssee, Otli 
Georgia Artillery Battalion, Battery E. 


Cavalry: 

Wheeler’s Corps: Major General Joseph Wheeler. 

Wharton's Division, Brigadier General John A. Wharton, 

1st Brigade, Col. C. C. Crews, 

Malone’s 7th Alabama, 2d Georgia, 3d Georgia, 4th Georgia. 

2d Brigade, Col. Thomas Harrison, 

3d Confederate, 3d Kentucky, 4th Tennessee, 8th Texas, 11th Texas, 
White’s Tennessee Battery. 

Martin's Division, Brigadier General Win. T. Martin. 

1st Brigade, Col. John T. Morgan. 

1st Alabama, 3d Alabama, 51st Alabama, 8th Confederate. 

2d Brigade, Col. A. A. Russell, 

4th (Russell’s) Alabama, 1st Confederate, Wiggin’s Arkansas Battery. 


Forrest’s Corps: Brigadier General N. B. Forrest. 

Escort: Jackson’s Company, Tennessee Cavalry. 

Armstrong's Division, Brigadier General Frank C. Armstrong. 

Armstrong’s Brigade, Col. Janies T. Wheeler, 

3d Arkansas, 2d Kentucky, 18th Tennessee Battalion, 6th Tennessee. 

Forrest’s Brigade, Col. George T. Dibbrell, 

4th Tennessee, 8th Tennessee, 9th Tennessee, 10th Tennessee, lltli 
Tennessee, Shaw’s (Hamilton) Battalion, Huggin’s (Freeman’s) Ten¬ 
nessee Battalion, Morton’s Tennessee Battery. 

Pvgr arm's Division, Brigadier General John Pegram. 

Davidson’s Brigade, Brigadier General FI. V. Davidson, 

1st Georgia, 6th Georgia, 6th North Carolina, Rucker’s Tennessee 
Legion, Hudwald’s Tennessee Battery. 

Scott’s Brigade, Col. John S. Scott, 

10th Confederate, 1st Louisiana, 2d Tennessee, 5th Tennessee, Detach¬ 
ment Morgan’s Command, Robinson’s Louisiana Battery, (Section). 


/ 


KEY TO MONUMENTS, LOCATIONS, 

AND MARKERS, 

Showing where the different organizations were at various times during the battle. Ail 
monuments have not as yet been erected and in some cases may not be where 
located. Locations are designated by *, markers erected by +. 


Illinois. 


30* 

19th 

174* 

21st 

206* 


169* 

22nd 

201* 


115* 

24th 

294a* 

25th 

204* 

27th 

294a* 

35th 

177a* 

36th 

175* 

38th 

198* 


204* 

42nd 

170a* 

44th 

201* 

51st 

170* 

73rd 

7* 

78th 

99* 

79th 

246* 


153* 

84th 


f 85th 

276a* 

s 86th 
(,125th 

177a* 

88th 

118* 

89th 

247* ' 


72* 

92nd 

10* 

96 th 

184* 

98th 

212* 


197a* 

100th 

299* 

104th 

12* 

115th 

187* 

213* 

123rd 


BATTERIES. 

82* Bridges’ 
196* 1st C 
5* M 
276a* 2nd I 


Indiana. 


Ilia* 

253a* 

38th 

183* 

39th 

298* 

42nd 

38a* 

211* 

161a* 

226a* 

300* 

44th 

205* 

58th 

20* 

226* 

140b* 

68th 

182* 

192* 

215* 

217* 

72nd 

71* 

258* 

271* 

74th 

74* 

140a* 

75th 

228a* 

79th 

207* 

81st 

62* 

277* 

82nd 

16a* 

84 th 

38a* 

74* 

161* 

212* 

226a* 

300* 

86th 

24* 

123* 

280* 

283* 

87th 

296* 

88th 

21* 

140* 

225* 

101st 

BATTERIES. 


Kentucky. 

Federal. 

228a* 

9th 

260* 

10th 

297* 

15th 

228a* 

17th 

136a* 

18th 

153a* 

23 rd 

Michigan. 

1* 

9th 

31a* 

11th 

80* 


81* 


158a* 


160* 


200* 

13th 

177* 

21st 

181* 


16* 

22nd 

BATTERIES. 

254* 

1st A 

159* 

D 

279* 


284* 


Minnesota. 

23 

2nd 

121 

289. 


BATTERY. 

202 

2nd 


Missouri. 

mt ' {iM? 

BATTERY. 
300* 1st G 


Indiana. 

112* 

4th 


Ohio. 

116a* 

6th 

119* 

5 th 

183 


1st S.S 

36a* 

9th 

73* 

7th 

117 


1st 

241* 


161a* 


1471 

■ 


20* 


197* 

8th 

25L 

• 


130 b* 


190*- 

11th 

109 


2nd 

158* 


75* 

18th 

262f 


71* 

10th 

186* 


135+ 

6th 

25* 


194* 


231 



261* 


242* 

* 

27 


9th 

269* 


76* 

19th 

98- 



188* 

17th 

76a* 


2651 



193* 


138* 

21st 

185 


10th 

214* 




90+ 

Uth 

218* 

102* 

29th 

Kentucky. 

136 

237+ 


243* 


Federal. 

227 


13th 

101* 

30th 


C 1st 

68 


l4th 

245* 



1 2ud 

270+ 


129* 

31st 

33* 

3rd 

124+ 

15th 

118a* 

32nd 

26* 

4 th 

250 



101a* 

35th 

257* 


29+ 

17th 

210a* 


268* 


67 



153a* 

36th 

116a* 

5th 

278+- 


230* 


130b* 

6th 

28 


18th 

164* 

37 th 

210b* 

8th 

77+ 



Ohio. 


29+ 

228 

19th 

17 


21st 

165+ 


132+ 

232 

24th 

216 


26th 

31 + 
69 

31st 

266+ 


110 


33rd 

253+ 


22 


35th 

94 



281 

285 



86 

139 


36th 

235- 

[■ 


14 


40th 

36- 


41st 

134- 



163- 

238 



1221 


49th 

146- 

249 



100+ 

209 

51st 

276 


52nd 

224 


59th 

34 

60- 

219- 

; 

64th 

35 

53] 

176- 


65th 

275 


69th 

161 


74th 

15 


89th 

128 

234i 


90th 

851 

137 

2361 


92nd 

1161 

OXO 


93rd 

111+ 

94th 

263+ 


13 


98th 

103+ 

210 

99th 

199 


101st 

64 


105th 

155+ 


9 


113th 

6 


121st 

39+ 

124th 

131+ 

239 


37 


125th 

59+ 


220+ 



CAVALRY. 


180 1st 
179 3ad 
178 4th 


Ohio. 


BATTERIES. 

191 


6th 

38 


18th 

162+ 

127 

20th 

126 


1st A 

145- 



248- 



63 J 


B 

130 



233+ 

70 

C 

133 


F 

157- 



240- 



166 


G 

54 


M 


Penn. 

256 


77 th 

163a* 

78th 

113= 


79th 

148= 



CAVALRY. 

189' 


9th 

167= : 


15th 

BATTERY. 

288b* 

26th 


Kansas. 

293* 8th 
294* 

295* 


U. S. Reg. 

106 15th 

105 16th 

107 18th 

104 19th 

CAVALRY. 
274 4th 


BATTERIES. 


125 

4th H 

71 

M 

264 

5th H 

32 

4th I 

286= 


Wisconsin. 

114 

1st 

108 

10th 

290 

15th 

114 

21st 

171 

24th 

CAVALRY. 

292= 

1st 

/ 

B 

V.TTERIES. 

208 

3rd 

292 

5th 

289 

8th 


Alabama. 

2* 24th 
92* 41st 


BATTERY. 


65 

: = Kolb’s 

88 

: = Swett’s 

89 

Fowler’s 

4 

: = Dent’s 

11 


Louisiana. 

255 

1st 

92 

4th 

78 

13th 

95 

16th 

79 

19th 

78 

20th 

95 

25th 

BATTERY. 

83= 

= Slocum’s 

91 = 


267= 

• 4th 

Mississippi. 

223 

9th S-S. 

*42 

9th 

43 

7 th 

45 

10th 

57 

13th 

55 

17 th 

58 

18th 

56 

21st 

44 

41st 

46 

44 th 

BATTERY. 

66= 

Darden’s 

N. 

Carolina. 

272=: 

6th 

273=: 

29th 

288a* 39 th 

18= : 

58th 

120=: 

60th 

S. Carolina. 

47* 

7th 

48 :; 

17th 


S. 

Carolina. 

c 

* 10th 

168= 

: 

3= 

19th 

168= 

: 

96= 

5 24th 

97= 


BATTERY. 

154= 

= Culpep¬ 
per’s 

221 = 

288= 

% 

Tennessee. 

150 

1st 

151 

4th 

152 

6th 

152 

9th 

150 

27 th 

52 

63rd 

BATTERY. 

229* 

Carnes’s 

244* 

Turner’s 

Texas. 

141* 

17 th 

142* 

18th 

143* 

24th 

144* 

25 th 

BATTERY. 

93* 

Douglas’ 


Georgia. 

BATTERY. 

8* Everett’s 
40* 

Kentucky- 

Confed. 

92a* 2nd 
19* 5th 
96a* 4th 
96a* 6th 
92a* 9th 

Florida. 

BATTERY. 

156* McCants’ 


Miscellaneous. 

41 Landrum, 2nd O. 

49* Hart, S. C. 

50* Reardin, S. C. 

51* Bland, S. C. 

61 .T. B. Hood. 

84* Govan's Brigade. 

87* Walthall’s Brigade. 
149* Sykes, Miss. 

172* Gilmer, 38th Ill. 

173* Alexander, 21st Ill. 
195* Gregg. 

222* Anderson’s Brigade. 
259* Carroll. 

287* Van Pelt. 


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BATTLEFIELD 

STATION 


MAP OF 

CHICKAMAUGA and CHATTAN 
NATIONAL MILITARY PA! 


MERCIERS 


KINSEY 


1 ORBLEY ■ 


BY W. E. BIRC; 


drawn BY B. B. RAMEY 


klORE. 


COPYRIGHTED I 


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/■ CLINE 


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